Parental care in early infancy is regarded as an essential variable contributing to the
development of children’s skills. The cognitive benefits of a father’s engagement are visible
from infancy to school age and even as adults. Infants with involved dads are more intellectually
competent at six months, have a higher cognitive function at 12 months, are better problem
solvers at two years old, and have higher IQs at three years old (Business Bliss Consultants,
2018). Children are also stronger academic achievers, with a higher likelihood of receiving A’s,
good grades, greater mathematics and linguistic skills, and frequently performing a year beyond
their projected age level on academic examinations. These youngsters are more likely to grow up
in more intellectually challenging families.
They are more likely to have higher IQs, positive attitudes regarding education,
participate in extracurricular activities, and graduate during adolescence. They are less likely to
fail a class, have low attendance, or exhibit disruptive conduct at school. They are also more
likely to have “greater levels of school accomplishment, job success, occupational competency,
and psychological well-being” as young adults (Markowitz & Ryan, 2016). Children with
stepparents score slightly higher than children in one-parent homes but still score much lower
than children with two biological parents. According to Business Bliss Consultants (2018),
children who live with a single mother perform less academically than children who live in two-
parent households.
The relationship between dads and their children predicts a child’s anxiety levels better
than the relationship between mothers and children. Furthermore, children with absent fathers are
more likely to acquire an anxiety condition (Markowitz & Ryan, 2016). Furthermore, for
children who have experienced parent separation, anxiety is closely connected to self-esteem,

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particularly trait anxiety. Low self-esteem has been posited as a rationale for the relationship
between insecure attachment and anxiety.
In conclusion, according to the study, father engagement has a major influence on their
children’s cognitive, social, and emotional development abilities and lessens negative behavioral
repercussions. As a result, half of the children will experience the absence of their biological
father before they are 18, increasing their likelihood of suffering externalizing and internalizing
tendencies.